Pubdate: Sun, 07 Jul 2002
Source: Sun News (SC)
Copyright: 2002 Sun Publishing Co
Contact:  http://web.thesunnews.com/
Details: http://www.mapinc.org/media/987
Author: Debbie Cenziper, Knight Ridder
Note: Knight Ridder reporters Michael Henry and Cristina C. Breen, Database 
Editor Ted Mellnik, and researcher Sara Klemmer contributed to this report.

OXYCONTIN ABUSE EXPLODES

For weeks in 1999, Shana Dunn watched, sickened, as her fiance, Billy 
Elliott, grew addicted to OxyContin, a narcotic painkiller prescribed by 
her doctor for chronic discomfort in her arms and wrists.

Now, three years later, law enforcement and addiction experts in the 
Carolinas say abuse of few other prescription drugs has ever struck so 
quickly, hurt so many or posed so complicated a challenge.

Elliott, 35, would borrow a pill for a bad back or a toothache. He always 
wanted more.

On a spring afternoon in Spartanburg, the man Dunn planned to marry 
stumbled into the apartment, covered with mud and grass, mumbling words she 
could barely understand.

Elliott lurched like a drunk, but he didn't smell of alcohol. As Dunn, 26, 
tried to help Elliott into bed, she feared that the prescription drug, so 
capable of easing the pain that darkened her past, could devastate her future.

Introduced in 1996, OxyContin delivered pain relief more powerful and 
longer-lasting than most other prescription narcotics. But abusers, from 
long-time addicts to teens to some chronic pain patients, discovered that 
crushing OxyContin disables the drug's patented time-release formula, 
releasing 12 hours-worth of narcotic at once. When swallowed, snorted or 
injected, it produces an immediate, heroinlike high.

As Shana Dunn struggled with one of the earliest cases of OxyContin 
addiction in the Carolinas, drug informants began to warn police of a new 
pill coursing through groups of mostly white, blue-collar prescription drug 
abusers.

OxyContin was easier to get than heroin. Cheaper than cocaine. Gentler on 
the stomach than alcohol or similar prescription narcotics. The addicts 
called it Oxy or OC.

Experts suggest abuse hit the Carolinas largely because addicts from some 
of the hardest-hit states, such as West Virginia and Kentucky, moved to the 
region after law enforcement there cracked down.

Also, two pain clinics in the Carolinas - one in Grover in Cleveland 
County, N.C., the other in Myrtle Beach - prescribed unusually high numbers 
of prescriptions for OxyContin and other narcotics to hundreds of people 
across the region. Officials believe those clinics helped fuel a thriving 
and sometimes deadly OxyContin black market.

Law enforcement and the medical community have faced a staggering 
challenge: Crack down on abuse of OxyContin without limiting supply of the 
drug to people who need it.

"We kind of walk a tightrope here," says Richard Seidel, Drug Enforcement 
Administration deputy chief of the drug operations section. "No one is 
saying OxyContin is a bad drug. It's a bad drug when it's abused."

An investigation by The Charlotte (N.C.) Observer found:

OxyContin abuse may have caused or contributed to at least 97 overdose 
deaths in the Carolinas in 2000 and 2001. In most cases, other drugs or 
alcohol may have played a role. A majority were accidental overdoses, 
though 19 were suspected suicides. In some cases, casual users took the 
drug and died hours later.

In at least another 104 cases, oxycodone, the main ingredient in OxyContin, 
played a role in an overdose death. It was unclear whether OxyContin or 
another oxycodone-based pain pill was involved.

The Carolina death count is far higher than what was reported in a April 
national study, based on limited data. The DEA estimated that OxyContin 
abuse may have played a role in 464 overdose deaths nationwide in the last 
two years. But that estimate included only 14 S.C. cases and none from 
North Carolina.

In some areas in the Carolinas, distribution of OxyContin is among the 
nation's heaviest. DEA reports show those areas include Myrtle Beach and 
Spartanburg.

OxyContin addiction has overwhelmed some drug detox centers already lacking 
staff and services. And across the region, law enforcement has arrested 
hundreds of suppliers and dealers.

In some Carolina communities, law enforcement officers fear young people 
are beginning to abuse OxyContin. The drug has been found at rave parties; 
some dealers say they've sold OxyContin to college students.

At least nine doctors in two pain clinics have faced accusations of 
inappropriately prescribing OxyContin and other narcotic painkillers.

Some pharmacists and law enforcement officers believe OxyContin's 
manufacturer, Connecticut-based Purdue Pharma, may have contributed to the 
problem in the Carolinas, particularly in the Myrtle Beach area, by 
overpromoting the drug for widespread use despite reports of crime and abuse.

Purdue officials say they have responsibly marketed their product according 
to its approved use by the Food and Drug Administration and do not have 
regulatory or law enforcement authority over how physicians use it.

Purdue spent about $200 million on OxyContin promotional activities last 
year. The company says that's industry standard.

Purdue did not anticipate the extent of abuse involving OxyContin, and 
researchers there are now developing an abuse-resistant pill, says 
spokesman Jim Heins. Purdue has also strengthened the warnings on the 
drug's label.

By all accounts, OxyContin is safe when taken as prescribed, though there's 
a risk of addiction when taking any narcotic painkiller.

But while other prescription drugs can cause fatal overdoses, OxyContin is 
more potent than most pain pills because it is delivered in higher doses - 
making it attractive, and highly dangerous, to abusers.

"There are a number of cases where individuals literally took a single, 
large dose, and maybe had some alcohol or other drugs, and the next 
morning, they're dead," says Dr. Andrew Mason, a forensic toxicologist in 
Boone who analyzed the Carolinas deaths for the Observer.

Abuse of OxyContin has also fueled crime.

In Myrtle Beach, a man in a ski mask held a pharmacist and technician at 
gunpoint demanding OxyContin - not cash.

In Concord, police caught a former high-school social studies teacher 
trying to hire a hit man to kill two people who owed him money for OxyContin.

And last month in Columbus County, N.C.,which borders Horry County, police 
sought 32 people accused of selling their Medicaid cards to drug dealers 
who billed the state for thousands of dollars in OxyContin prescriptions.

OxyContin hailed for relief

To people with cancer, debilitating back aches, headaches that never go 
away, or elusive pain so severe that working, walking or even sleep becomes 
unmanageable, OxyContin is in every sense a miracle drug.

A single pill offers pain patients 12 hours of steady relief. And while 
many pain pills contain five milligrams of oxycodone, an opioid similar to 
morphine, OxyContin comes in strengths up to 16 times higher. By releasing 
pain medicine through a patented time-release formula, patients can 
tolerate larger doses with fewer side effects.

OxyContin has become the No. 1 prescribed narcotic of its kind in the 
United States, with about 2 million people taking the drug.

"The abuse is a tragedy, because the good far outweighs the bad," says Mark 
Gordon, with the National Foundation for the Treatment of Pain. "It's the 
most remarkable pain medication around, hands down."

By 2000, OxyContin sales in the United States reached almost $1 billion, 22 
times more than in 1996, and the number of prescriptions grew to 5.8 
million. In 2000, 189 million prescriptions were dispensed for all opioid 
drugs, including OxyContin.

Drug enforcement agents across the eastern United States worried.

Reports from pharmacists, doctors and families described a growing and 
suspicious interest in OxyContin not only among addicts, but among young 
people experimenting with drugs and some pain patients who abused their 
medication either for a quick high or because they thought taking more of 
the drug would reduce their pain. There were national reports of 
prescription forgeries and pharmacy thefts.

Other prescription drugs, such as Dilaudid, have posed problems for law 
enforcement. But drug enforcement agents say OxyContin abuse struck more 
swiftly than abuse of any other drug in decades.

Rural areas in Maine, Alaska and Appalachia were hit first in the late 
1990s, mainly in poor, working-class towns without easy access to illicit 
drugs such as heroin and cocaine. OxyContin was government-approved and 
often paid for by insurance or Medicaid, the federal health insurance 
program for the poor.

In 1999, abuse reached a second group of states.

In Atlanta, DEA diversion chief Bob Williamson studied reports of abuse in 
the Carolinas, Georgia and Tennessee. He expected to find the usual, drugs 
such as Xanax, Valium and hydrocodone.

This time, he saw a new drug: OxyContin.

Abuse hits the Carolinas

Thirty-five miles south of Myrtle Beach, drug informants in 1999 told 
police about the "next good thing," a tiny white pill with the marking OC.

"We didn't even know what it was," says Georgetown police Sgt. Jim Arnold. 
"And then suddenly it was like, wham. Overnight it was everywhere."

In York County that same year, narcotics officers used a physicians' desk 
reference to identify an OxyContin pill found on a 16-year-old selling 
drugs out of his parents' home.

In Durham, the sheriff's office received faxes from pharmacists warning of 
forged OxyContin prescriptions.

N.C. Medicaid paid $14.7 million for OxyContin prescriptions in 2001, more 
than three times higher than in 1999. South Carolina paid $8.4 million, 
almost an eightfold increase.

While both Carolinas have attempted to curb Medicaid costs, neither state 
has what experts consider among the best tools to fight prescription drug 
abuse: a statewide monitoring system. The computer system would track 
prescriptions and expose patients filling suspicious quantities of drugs 
like OxyContin. About 15 states have systems in place.

"Maybe this could have saved one person's life. We'll never know," says 
John Womble, who oversees the regulation of controlled substances for North 
Carolina and has pushed for a monitoring system. "We have a prescription 
drug abuse problem here, and OxyContin is at the forefront."

But in 1999, when Shana Dunn's fiance started taking OxyContin, the 
Carolinas were only beginning to see the effects of a drug that would 
quickly become one of the most abused prescription painkillers in the 
Southeast.

"OxyContin really helped with my pain," says Dunn, "but it has caused me 
nothing but agony."

Addicts plead for help

On the front lines in the battle against addiction - drug treatment centers 
and emergency rooms - a new wave of addicts in 1999 started showing up for 
help. Pain patients, teens and recreational drug users who had abused 
OxyContin came in sweating, vomiting, holding their heads, begging for relief.

Coming off oxycodone produces symptoms similar to food poisoning or a 
massive case of the flu. Every ache becomes sharp. A headache feels like a 
migraine, a toothache like a root canal.

At Horizons at Carolinas Medical Center-Mercy in 1999, certified substance 
abuse counselor Ben Roberts met addicts melting their OxyContin, mixing the 
powder and injecting the drug for an immediate high. One told Roberts that 
OxyContin was like 10 pain pills combined.

In Myrtle Beach, medical director Dr. John Molnar talked with his staff at 
the Grand Strand Regional Medical Center about treating patients suffering 
OxyContin withdrawal.

"As soon as someone sees a pill that's strong and says, 'Do not crush. Do 
not chew. Do not break,' the first thing they do is crush it and chew it 
and break it," Molnar said.

South of Spartanburg in Laurens County, deputy coroner Bill Seawright got a 
call from his office: "We've got a Clinton High student up here."

The 15-year-old had overdosed on OxyContin and alcohol, Seawright says. A 
coach and driver's education teacher, Seawright remembered the teen from class.

"I didn't sleep for a couple of nights," he says. "After that, it was boom, 
boom, boom. We started seeing one case after another."

Loss in Spartanburg

In Spartanburg, OxyContin allowed Shana Dunn to live without pain.

But her fiance, Billy Elliott, was quickly hooked.

Dunn met Elliott over the Internet two years earlier in 1997. He was 
studying to become a doctor and was taking undergraduate classes at USC 
Spartanburg.

Dunn wanted to get a job teaching elementary school.

Within months, they moved in together, and Elliott asked Dunn to marry him.

They set a wedding date: July 29, 2000. Then, in January 1999, Elliott 
dropped out of college.

He had kicked an alcohol addiction before but started drinking heavily. 
Dunn also suspected he was abusing his anti-depressant medication.

That spring, Dunn started taking OxyContin. It immediately eased knifelike 
pain in her arms and wrists caused by lupus, an inflammatory disease.

At first, Elliott asked for an occasional OxyContin. She eventually told 
him he had a problem and tried to get him into rehab, but he was released 
after several days.

In April 1999, Dunn hid her pills in a refrigerator at work.

Days later, she found Elliott staggering into the apartment. She put him to 
bed. Later that night, a friend called to say Elliott had slipped out of 
the house while Dunn slept. He was disoriented and obviously high.

Again, she settled him into bed, then slept on the couch.

The next morning, May 2, Dunn checked on Elliott. She knew instantly he was 
dead.

His skin was gray, and there was a pool of vomit around his mouth. She ran 
to him, crying, "Billy, Billy, wake up!" She touched his arm. It was cold.

An investigator from the Spartanburg Coroner's Office ruled the death due 
to oxycodone intoxication.

Elliott choked on his vomit.

Later, Dunn discovered that Elliott had taken the key to her office and 
stolen OxyContin.

"When he took those pills, it was like something took over his mind," says 
Dunn, who teaches first grade and is single. "I lost my best friend - my 
everything."

Elliott was among the first in the Carolinas to die of an overdose related 
to OxyContin abuse. In 1999, few suspected abuse of the drug would so 
quickly devastate families and communities.

The Carolinas were about to find out.

INFO: Coming Monday | Law enforcement fights back, in Myrtle Beach and 
across the state.
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